CVE Database

A critical vulnerability exists in the NLTK downloader component of nltk/nltk, affecting all versions. The _unzip_iter function in nltk/downloader.py uses zipfile.extractall() without performing path validation or security checks. This allows attackers to craft malicious zip packages that, when downloaded and extracted by NLTK, can execute arbitrary code. The vulnerability arises because NLTK assumes all downloaded packages are trusted and extracts them without validation. If a malicious package contains Python files, such as __init__.py, these files are executed automatically upon import, leading to remote code execution. This issue can result in full system compromise, including file system access, network access, and potential persistence mechanisms.

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.0, it is possible to obtain the host Object. There are various ways to use the host Object, to escape the sandbox, one example would be using HostObject.getOwnPropertySymbols to obtain Symbol(nodejs.util.inspect.custom). This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.0.

Kestra is an open-source, event-driven orchestration platform. Prior to 1.0.45 and 1.3.21, AuthenticationFilter in Kestra OSS uses request.getPath().endsWith("/configs") to whitelist the public configuration endpoint from Basic Auth. Because the check is a suffix match rather than an exact path match, any API path whose last segment is configs bypasses authentication entirely. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this to create and execute arbitrary workflows without credentials. Because Kestra ships with script execution plugins (plugin-script-shell, plugin-script-python, etc.) enabled by default, this directly results in unauthenticated Remote Code Execution as root inside the Kestra worker container. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.0.45 and 1.3.21.

Hoppscotch is an API development ecosystem. In self-hosted deployments of hoppscotch-backend from version 2026.4.1 and earlier, the unauthenticated POST /v1/onboarding/config endpoint is vulnerable to mass assignment. The global NestJS ValidationPipe is configured without whitelist: true, so extra properties on the request body that are not declared in SaveOnboardingConfigRequest are not stripped and are iterated in the service layer as if they were legitimate InfraConfig entries. Because keys such as JWT_SECRET and SESSION_SECRET are valid InfraConfigEnum values and are not explicitly rejected during validation, an unauthenticated attacker who can reach a fresh instance before onboarding completes (or when no users exist) can overwrite these values in the database. Overwriting JWT_SECRET gives the attacker control of the JWT signing key, allowing them to forge tokens for any user, including administrators, and results in full server compromise. The issue is fixed in hoppscotch 2026.5.0.

PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to version 1.5.90, execute_code() in praisonai-agents runs attacker-controlled Python inside a three-layer sandbox that can be fully bypassed by passing a str subclass with an overridden startswith() method to the _safe_getattr wrapper, achieving arbitrary OS command execution on the host. This issue has been patched in version 1.5.90.

Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions, integer overflow in the XPCOM component. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 149, Firefox ESR < 115.34, Firefox ESR < 140.9, Thunderbird < 149, and Thunderbird < 140.9.

SandboxJS is a JavaScript sandboxing library. Prior to 0.9.6, sandbox-defined functions expose Function.caller, allowing sandboxed code to recover the internal LispType.Call runtime callback. That callback can then be invoked with attacker-controlled fake context and obj values to extract blocked host statics, recover the real host Function constructor, and execute arbitrary host JavaScript. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.9.6.

A vulnerability in Remote Spark SparkView before build 1122 allows an attacker to bypasses the local connection check and achieve arbitrary code execution as root on the server side. Depending on implementation the vulnerability can be exploited by an unauthenticated attacker.

n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to 2.25.7 and 2.26.2, when @n8n/mcp-browser is run in HTTP transport mode, the MCP endpoint accepts session initialization and tool invocation requests without any authentication. Any network-reachable client, or any website visited by the user, can establish an MCP session and invoke browser-control tools. Where the n8n AI Browser Bridge extension is installed and a browser connection is active, an unauthenticated caller can access browser-control capabilities including navigation, JavaScript evaluation, and cookie and storage access against the user's real browser profile. This issue only affects instances where @n8n/mcp-browser is run with the HTTP transport (--transport http). This vulnerability is fixed in 2.25.7 and 2.26.2.

A shellcode injection in the mercurial handler of the obs tar_scm source service before version 0.12.4 could be used by attackers able to provide a _service file to execute code as the source service or the local user checking out the malicious services

Traefik is an HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer. Prior to 3.7.3, there is a critical vulnerability in Traefik's HTTP/3 (QUIC) TLS configuration selection that allows unauthenticated clients to bypass router-specific mTLS enforcement. When HTTP/3 is enabled on an entrypoint, the TLS handshake selects the applicable TLS configuration through an exact, case-sensitive lookup on the SNI value, which fails to match wildcard host patterns (e.g., *.example.com) or case variants of the configured hostname. Because the handshake falls back to the default TLS configuration — which may not require client certificates — a client can complete the QUIC handshake without presenting a certificate, while the subsequent HTTP routing layer still dispatches the request to a backend protected by a router-specific mTLS policy. The issue affects deployments where HTTP/3 is enabled, a router uses a wildcard Host rule or case-insensitive hostname matching, a router-specific TLSOptions enforces client certificate authentication, and UDP access to the entrypoint is reachable by an attacker. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.7.3.

In Package Manager, there is a possible device lock controller bypass due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

A malicious actor with access to the network could exploit an Improper Access Control vulnerability found in UniFi OS devices to make unauthorized changes to the system.

Jellyfin is an open-source media system. The code-quality.yml GitHub Actions workflow in jellyfin/jellyfin-ios is vulnerable to arbitrary code execution via pull requests from forked repositories. Due to the workflow's elevated permissions (nearly all write permissions), this vulnerability enables full repository takeover of jellyfin/jellyfin-ios, exfiltration of highly privileged secrets, Apple App Store supply chain attack, GitHub Container Registry (ghcr.io) package poisoning, and full jellyfin organization compromise via cross-repository token usage. Note: This is not a code vulnerability, but a vulnerability in the GitHub Actions workflows. No new version is required for this GHSA and end users do not need to take any actions.

vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to version 3.11.4, the fix for GHSA-8hg8-63c5-gwmx (CVE-2023-37903) introduced a check in nodevm.js line 263 that blocks the combination nesting: true + require: false. However, the check uses strict equality (options.require === false), which is trivially bypassed by omitting the require option entirely. When require is not specified, options.require is undefined, not false. The strict equality check fails, so the security guard is skipped. Immediately after (line 280), the destructuring default require: requireOpts = false assigns requireOpts = false, producing the exact configuration the patch was designed to prevent. This issue has been patched in version 3.11.4.

Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Portal product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Security Framework). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle WebCenter Portal. While the vulnerability is in Oracle WebCenter Portal, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle WebCenter Portal. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 10.0 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Note Mark is an open-source note-taking application. Prior to 0.19.4, no minimum length or entropy is enforced on the JWT_SECRET configuration value. The application accepts any base64-decodable secret regardless of size, including secrets as short as 1 byte. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.19.4.

free5GC is an open-source implementation of the 5G core network. Prior to 4.2.2, free5GC's NEF mounts the nnef-pfdmanagement route group without inbound OAuth2/bearer-token authorization. A network attacker who can reach NEF on the SBI can use a forged or arbitrary bearer token (e.g. Authorization: Bearer not-a-real-token) to read PFD application data via GET /applications and GET /applications/{appID}, and to create or delete PFD change-notification subscriptions via POST /subscriptions and DELETE /subscriptions/{subID}. Same root cause as the other NEF SBI findings: the route group is mounted without any inbound auth middleware. Unlike the OAM and traffic-influence groups, nnef-pfdmanagement IS declared in the runtime ServiceList, so this is the production-intended path that operators expect to be protected by OAuth2 setting receive from NRF: true -- and it is not. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.2.2.

Vulnerability in the Oracle Coherence product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Core). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0, 14.1.1.0.0, 14.1.2.0.0 and 15.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Coherence. While the vulnerability is in Oracle Coherence, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Coherence. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 10.0 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Traefik is an HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer. Prior to 2.11.48, 3.6.19, and 3.7.3, there is a high severity vulnerability in Traefik's StripPrefix middleware that allows an unauthenticated attacker to bypass route-level authentication and authorization. When a public router matches on a PathPrefix rule and applies the StripPrefix middleware, a request path containing .. or its percent-encoded form %2e%2e can match the public route at routing time and then, after the prefix is stripped and the path is normalized, resolve to a path served by a separate, authenticated router. As a result, an attacker can reach protected backend paths — such as admin or internal configuration endpoints — without satisfying the authentication middleware attached to the protected router. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.11.48, 3.6.19, and 3.7.3.

SQL injection (SQLi) in MegaCMS v12.0.0, specifically in the “id_territorio” parameter of the “/web_comunications/cms/get_provincias” endpoint. The vulnerability arises from inadequate validation and sanitisation of user input. Specifically, via a POST request, the “id_territorio” parameter, used immediately after the registration form is submitted, could be manipulated by an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary SQL queries.

Two endpoints in the Vault Service ScriptsController, shared by Altium Enterprise Server and Altium 365, accept file uploads where a user-supplied filename component is used to construct the destination path without validation, allowing arbitrary files to be written to any location writable by the service account. Because the file write operation completes before authentication is validated, the vulnerability can be exploited without any credentials, session, or prior knowledge of the system. An unauthenticated network attacker can use this primitive to place executable content in directories where it is later executed by the service, resulting in remote code execution under the Vault Service account. Altium Enterprise Server is fixed in 8.1.1; the issue has been remediated in Altium 365 (commercial and government cloud) at the service level.

Step CA is an online certificate authority for secure, automated certificate management for DevOps. Versions 0.30.0-rc6 and below do not safeguard against unauthenticated certificate issuance through the SCEP UpdateReq. This issue has been fixed in version 0.30.0.

ColdFusion versions 2025.9, 2023.20 and earlier are affected by an Improper Input Validation vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue does not require user interaction. Scope is changed.

Buffer overflow vulnerability in Open Vehicle Monitoring System 3 (OVMS3) 3.3.005. In canformat_gvret.cpp, the length field in GVRET binary data is not properly validated, allowing remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly execute arbitrary code via crafted GVRET frames.

Crawl4AI is an open-source LLM friendly web crawler & scraper. Prior to 0.8.7, the _safe_eval_expression() function in the computed fields feature uses an AST validator that only blocks attributes starting with underscore. Python generator and frame object attributes (gi_frame, f_back, f_builtins) do NOT start with underscore, enabling a complete sandbox escape to achieve arbitrary code execution. The attack requires no authentication (JWT disabled by default) and is triggered via POST /crawl with a crafted extraction schema. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.8.7.

GV-I/O Box 4E is a smart embedded device with 4 input and 4 relays output that can be controlled over Ethernet and RS-485. DVRSearch is a service running by default on the IOBox listening for UDP messages on port 10001. Any user on the network can send messages to this service and interact with it. Upon receiving a UDP message, the server reads at most 1460 bytes into a local buffer and a pointer to the buffer is stored in a global variable: #### IP field stack overflow The following code is vulnerable to a stack overflow that is attacker-controlled: v3 = strlen(g_network_config->ip_addr); memcpy(&reply_buf[36], g_network_config->ip_addr, v3);

Trivy Vulnerability Scanner is a VS Code extension that helps find vulnerabilities. In Trivy VSCode Extension version 1.8.12, which was distributed via OpenVSX marketplace was compromised and contained malicious code designed to leverage local AI coding agent to collect and exfiltrate sensitive information. Users using the affected artifact are advised to immediately remove it and rotate environment secrets. The malicious artifact has been removed from the marketplace. No other affected artifacts have been identified.

Traefik is an HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer. From 3.7.0 until 3.7.3, there is a high severity vulnerability in Traefik's domain-fronting protection (SNICheck) that allows an unauthenticated client to bypass mutual TLS enforced through wildcard router TLSOptions. When a router uses a wildcard host rule such as Host(*.example.com) with stricter TLS options (for example RequireAndVerifyClientCert), SNICheck resolves the TLS options for the HTTP Host header using exact map lookups only and never applies wildcard matching. If another permissive SNI is served on the same entrypoint, an attacker can complete the TLS handshake under the permissive options and then send an HTTP Host header targeting the wildcard-protected backend, reaching it without presenting a client certificate. This affects the regular HTTPS / HTTP-2 path and does not require HTTP/3. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.7.3.

GV-I/O Box 4E is a smart embedded device with 4 input and 4 relays output that can be controlled over Ethernet and RS-485. DVRSearch is a service running by default on the IOBox listening for UDP messages on port 10001. Any user on the network can send messages to this service and interact with it. Upon receiving a UDP message, the server reads at most 1460 bytes into a local buffer and a pointer to the buffer is stored in a global variable: #### Gateway field stack overflow The following code is vulnerable to a stack overflow that is attacker-controlled: v7 = strlen(g_network_config->gateway); memcpy(&reply_buf[216], g_network_config->gateway, v7);

GV-I/O Box 4E is a smart embedded device with 4 input and 4 relays output that can be controlled over Ethernet and RS-485. DVRSearch is a service running by default on the IOBox listening for UDP messages on port 10001. Any user on the network can send messages to this service and interact with it. Upon receiving a UDP message, the server reads at most 1460 bytes into a local buffer and a pointer to the buffer is stored in a global variable: #### DNS field stack overflow The following code is vulnerable to a stack overflow that is attacker-controlled: v8 = strlen(g_network_config->dns_addr); memcpy(&reply_buf[248], g_network_config->dns_addr, v8);

Kestra is an open-source, event-driven orchestration platform. Prior to 1.0.45 and 1.3.21, the authentication filter for the REST API (@Filter("/api/v1/**")) treats any request whose path ends in /configs as the public instance-config endpoint and forwards it without a credential check. kestra addresses its resources by URL path segments that the caller chooses (/api/v1/{tenant}/flows/{namespace}, /api/v1/{tenant}/executions/{namespace}/{id}, /api/v1/{tenant}/namespaces/{namespace}/kv/{key}). An anonymous caller picks the literal configs as the final segment, and the request bypasses Basic-Auth entirely. Because the bypass reaches the flow-create and execution-trigger routes, an unauthenticated caller creates a flow containing a Shell or Process task and runs it. The task executes as root inside the kestra container. The official docker-compose.yml mounts /var/run/docker.sock, so root in the container reaches the host Docker daemon. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.0.45 and 1.3.21.

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') in the Publish Audit API endpoints (/api/auditPublishing/get and /api/auditPublishing/getAll) in dotCMS Core 25.11.04-1 through 26.04.28-02 allows remote unauthenticated attackers to read, modify, or destroy arbitrary database content. The endpoints did not enforce authentication and accepted unsanitized input used in dynamically constructed SQL. The fix in dotCMS Core 26.04.28-03 requires an authenticated backend user with the publishing-queue portlet permission. LTS releases are not affected as the vulnerable code path was never backported.

Vulnerability in the Oracle Coherence product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Centralized Third Party Jars). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0, 14.1.1.0.0, 14.1.2.0.0 and 15.1.1.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Coherence. While the vulnerability is in Oracle Coherence, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Coherence. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 10.0 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).

Gardyn devices expose a privileged iothubowner key. Access to this key will allow a malicious user to invoke an IoTHub Registry Manager function which returns connection information for all Gardyn Home Kit and Studio devices. Access to this key also allows a malicious user to execute arbitrary commands on a specific connected device and may allow the malicious user to pivot to other devices on the user's network.

A zip slip vulnerability in the /DesignTools/SkinList.aspx endpoint of MojoPortal CMS v2.9.0.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via uploading a crafted zip file.

Path traversal and content injection in JobRunnerBackground.aspx in DynamicWeb 8 (all) and 9 (<9.19.7 and <9.20.3) allows unauthenticated attackers to execute code via simple web requests

Streambert is a cross-platform Electron Desktop App to stream and download any video media. In versions 2.4.0 and prior, a high-severity Zip Slip vulnerability was identified in Streambert's subtitle extraction logic. The application does not sanitize archive entry filenames during extraction, allowing a malicious archive to perform path traversal and write arbitrary files to the host filesystem. The subtitle extraction process downloads a ZIP archive and extracts its entries. The destination file path is constructed by concatenating the raw archive entry name (extracted.name) directly to the temporary directory path. If a malicious ZIP archive containing directory traversal sequences is processed, it escapes the temporary directory boundaries. The application then writes the extracted payload anywhere on the host filesystem subject to the application's current write permissions. This issue has been fixed in version 2.5.0.

Adobe Campaign Classic (ACC) versions 7.4.3 build 9394 and earlier are affected by an Incorrect Authorization vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue does not require user interaction. Scope is changed.

mcp-pinot is a Python-based Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for interacting with Apache Pinot. In versions 3.0.1 and below, mcp-pinot defaults to running an HTTP MCP server bound to 0.0.0.0:8080 with no authentication enabled. All MCP tools, including SQL query execution, schema creation, and table-config mutation, are reachable by any network-adjacent caller. The server proxies these calls using server-side Pinot credentials, producing a confused-deputy condition that yields full read/write access to the configured Pinot cluster. This issue has been fixed in version 3.1.0

WWBN AVideo is an open source video platform. In versions 29.0 and prior, the YPTSocket plugin's WebSocket server relays attacker-supplied JSON message bodies to every connected client without sanitizing the `msg` or `callback` fields. On the client side, `plugin/YPTSocket/script.js` contains two `eval()` sinks fed directly by those relayed fields (`json.msg.autoEvalCodeOnHTML` at line 568 and `json.callback` at line 95). Because tokens are minted for anonymous visitors and never revalidated beyond decryption, an unauthenticated attacker can broadcast arbitrary JavaScript that executes in the origin of every currently-connected user (including administrators), resulting in universal account takeover, session theft, and privileged action execution. Commit c08694bf6264eb4decceb78c711baee2609b4efd contains a fix.

NLTK versions <=3.9.2 are vulnerable to arbitrary code execution due to improper input validation in the StanfordSegmenter module. The module dynamically loads external Java .jar files without verification or sandboxing. An attacker can supply or replace the JAR file, enabling the execution of arbitrary Java bytecode at import time. This vulnerability can be exploited through methods such as model poisoning, MITM attacks, or dependency poisoning, leading to remote code execution. The issue arises from the direct execution of the JAR file via subprocess with unvalidated classpath input, allowing malicious classes to execute when loaded by the JVM.

Due to the use of a vulnerable third-party Velocity template engine, a malicious actor with admin privilege may inject and execute arbitrary template syntax within server-side templates. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow a malicious actor with admin privilege to inject and execute arbitrary template code on the server, potentially leading to remote code execution, data manipulation, or unauthorized access to sensitive information.

IDC SFX2100 Satellite Receiver firmware ships with multiple daemon configuration files for routing components (e.g., zebra, bgpd, ospfd, and ripd) that are owned by root but world-readable. The configuration files (e.g., zebra.conf, bgpd.conf, ospfd.conf, ripd.conf) contain hardcoded or otherwise insecure plaintext passwords (including “enable”/privileged-mode credentials). A remote actor is able to abuse the reuse/hardcoded nature of these credentials to further access other systems in the network, gain a foothold on the satellite receiver or potentially locally privilege escalate.

free5GC is an open-source implementation of the 5G core network. Prior to 4.2.2, free5GC's NEF mounts the nnef-oam route group without inbound OAuth2/bearer-token authorization. A network attacker who can reach NEF on the SBI can hit the OAM route with no Authorization header at all and the handler returns 200 OK. The current OAM handler is a stub that returns null, but the structural defect is route-group-scoped: the entire OAM route group has no inbound auth middleware, so every future OAM operation added to this group inherits the missing auth boundary by default. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.2.2.

Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Sites product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: WebCenter Sites). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.1.4.0 and 14.1.2.0.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle WebCenter Sites. While the vulnerability is in Oracle WebCenter Sites, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle WebCenter Sites. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 10.0 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).

A vulnerability was identified in Juju from version 3.2.0 until 3.6.19 and from version 4.0 until 4.0.4, where the internal Dqlite database cluster fails to perform proper TLS client and server authentication. Specifically, the Juju controller's database endpoint does not validate client certificates when a new node attempts to join the cluster. An unauthenticated attacker with network reachability to the Juju controller's Dqlite port can exploit this flaw to join the database cluster. Once joined, the attacker gains full read and write access to the underlying database, allowing for total data compromise.

Improper access control in Azure AI Foundry M365 published agents allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.

The  iSherlock developed by HGiga  has an OS Command Injection vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated local attackers to inject arbitrary OS commands and execute them on the server.

In Eclipse BaSyx Java Server SDK versions prior to 2.0.0-milestone-10, inadequate path normalization in the Submodel HTTP API allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to perform a path traversal attack. By supplying a maliciously crafted fileName parameter during a file upload operation, an attacker can bypass intended storage boundaries and write arbitrary files to any location on the host filesystem accessible by the Java process. This can lead to Remote Code Execution (RCE) and complete system compromise.